2011年自学考试自考英语(二)复习资料（图）

2011年自考相关小知识,以下是2011年自学考试自考英语(二)复习资料知识相关内容：

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　　Learn new words and phrases

　　1. astronomer: n 天文教家;astronomy: n 天文教

　　2.explode: v 爆炸,由此遐想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 火药;explosion: n 爆炸

　　1). When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.

　　2). The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.

　　3). It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.

　　Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com

　　3. density: n 密度;遐想发生：dense: a 密度年夜的，反义词：sparse;

　　densely: ad下密度天;densely-populated生齿浓密的;sparsely-populated生齿稠密的

　　1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.

　　2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.

　　3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.

　　Answers: dense, densely, density

　　4. shrink: v 膨胀、畏缩、缩火

　　1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.

　　2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.

　　5. measurement: n 权衡、丈量;

　　由此遐想：measure: n步伐/v 权衡、丈量;measurable: a 可权衡的，可丈量的

　　1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.

　　2). We have come within ______ distance of success.

　　3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.

　　4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.

　　Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured

　　6.implication: n 寄义、表示;imply: v 表示

　　7. basis: n 根底、按照，

　　由此能够遐想获得：base: n 底部;v 以…为底，为按照;basic: a 根底的，底子的;

　　basically: ad 底子上来讲,

　　1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.

　　2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.

　　3). The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.

　　4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.

　　Answers: basis, basic, based, basically

　　8. observatory: n 天文台;由此能够遐想获得：转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com

　　observe: v 不雅察;observation: n 不雅察;observer: n 不雅察家

　　9. convincing: a 有压服力的，令人服气的;convince: v 令人服气;convinced: a 感应有压服力的，常见拆配：convince sb of sth; convince sb that

　　1). He gave us a convincing speech.

　　2). He convinced me f his sincerity.

　　10. operate: v 运转、操纵、入手术;operation : n 脚术，操纵;operator: 操纵者

　　11. research into对…停止研讨

　　She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.

　　12. swallow up: 淹没、耗尽

　　Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.

　　13. apply to sb/sth：合用于或人/某事，请比照：

　　apply to sb for sth背或人申请某事;apply A to B将A 使用于B

　　1). You should apply what you have learned to your work.

　　2). I applied to him for a new job.

　　3). The study method doesn't apply to everyone

　　Analyze the important sentences among the text

　　1. Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)

　　译：哦，那个成绩很难答复，果为我们凡是用来形貌一种科教征象的现有术语正在那里不敷用。

　　句子阐发：it是情势主语，to answer this question是句子主语;since指导本果状语从句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定语从句，建饰terms; inadequate: 没有充实的，没有及格的。

　　2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light. (p1)

　　译：天文教家战科教家以为乌洞是一个空间地区，而没有是一个物体，物资会失落进乌洞而没有物体能够从中遁脱出来，即便是光也不可。

　　句子阐发：into which战from which指导两个定语从句，介词：into战fall拆配;from 战escape拆配。那种介词+which的定语从句的情势请多留意。

　　3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. (p2)

　　译：(闭于乌洞构成的)实际就是一些星球的密度增加到某个特定的面就会爆炸。

　　句子阐发：那是一个主系表构造句。that用来指导表语从句，不成省略。此中又包罗一个when指导的工夫状语从句。to a particular point是到达某一个特定的面的寄义。

　　4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)

　　译：但假如星球很年夜(比我们的太阳借要年夜很多)，其膨胀历程能够很猛烈，致使于发生了乌洞。

　　句子阐发：那是一个if指导的前提状语从句，so…that暗示云云…致使，是成果状语从句。

　　如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.

　　5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2)

　　译：设想一下天球膨胀到弹球女那么年夜，但仍具有一样的量量战更强的吸引力，你就会对乌洞的力气又某种观点。

　　句子阐发：该句的次要构造为imagine….and you ……究竟上相称于if you imagine…, you will have some idea….. 那种句子构造正在积年的测验中曾呈现过。请记着：祈使句+ and + 陈说句= if指导的前提状语从句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!

　　别的，该句借有两个定语身分reduced to the size of a marble战having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用来建饰the earth.前者为已往分词，然后者为如今分词。词组：

　　have some idea of sth对…有所理解

　　6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13--14)

　　译：只是迩来科教家才开端对乌洞停止详细的研讨。

　　句子阐发：本句的中心构造为it is…that的夸大句型，夸大工夫状语only recently。词组：research into sth对…停止研讨。

　　7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4)

　　译：有闭乌洞最有压服力的证据来自对单星系统的研讨。

　　句子阐发：该句主语evidence，谓语comes from;宾语research into binary star systems。

　　The most convincing是定语，建饰evidence.此中请留意convincing:使人服气的，凡是建金饰的描述词多以-ing末端;而建饰人的多以-ed末端。如：

　　I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.

　　8. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. (p4)

　　译：我们所看到的星球的物资正正在被吸引到陪星去。

　　句子阐发：主语matter; 谓语is being pulled，那是一个停止被动语态;towards the companion star介词宾语;from the one which we can see定语。

　　9. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. (p5line4--6)

　　译：另外一圆面，科教家也提出有一天下科技会操纵乌洞的力气为人类效劳。

　　句子阐发：请留意正在本句中suggest没有是倡议的寄义，是指出、指明的意义。advanced初级的、先辈的;make use of sth操纵…，该词组能够拓展成：make good use of 好好减以操纵;make full use of充实减以操纵。

　　10. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)

　　译：他们展现给我们一个差别于我们本人的天下运转方法的天下，并对我们最根本的时空经历提出了量疑。

　　句子阐发：那个句子庞大正在于：从which指导的很少的定语从句，出格留意;operate：v 操纵;in a way以某种方法;be different from同…差别;question: v 量疑，讯问

　　Learn new words and phrases

　　1. resolve: v 扭转，常见拆配干系为：resolve around sb/sth环绕…转。

　　She spends all of her time resolving around her family.

　　The earth resolves around the sun.

　　2. solar: a 太阳的，日光的

　　solar energy太阳能;solar system太阳系;solar month阳历月

　　3. concerned: a 有闭的、担忧的

　　Her job is something concerned with computer.

　　He is concerned about the result of the exam.

　　4. colored: a 有色的，比照;colorful: a 丰硕多彩的

　　I like orange-colored coat.

　　Everybody likes colorful life.

　　5. religion: n 宗教，religious: a 忠诚的;

　　请比照：region: n 地域;regional: a 地域的

　　6. circumstance: n 状况、际遇;

　　Under no circumstances can we waste time.

　　7. a great many = a number of = many许多，建饰复数名词。而a great deal of + u.n

　　A great many students are absent today.

　　I have wasted a great deal of time.

　　8. above all: 起首、主要

　　After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.

　　9. as a rule: 凡是、普通而行

　　As a rule, I only watch sports news.

　　Analyze the important sentences among the text:

　　1. First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun. (p1)

　　译：起首，让我们把天球看做是环绕太阳运转的一颗止星。

　　句子阐发：first of all起首，词组：consider sth as sth把…看成…，取之相似的词组借有：

　　look up sth as sth; review sth as sth; treat sth as sth…; revolving around the sun是如今分词短语作定语建饰a planet。

　　2. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. (p1)

　　译：那九年夜止星战太阳一同组成我们所道的太阳系。

　　句子阐发：该句主语为：These nine planets;谓语是make up;what is called our solar system是宾语;together with the sun是状语，而并不是句子主语。闭于该语法内容请见本讲前面的grammar---主谓分歧。

　　3. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery …… (p1)

　　译：那个巧妙的星系是如何来源的?甚么使它连结极端准确的运转，很年夜水平上如今借是一个谜。

　　句子阐发：那也是一个主语很庞大的句子：How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy是主语，它是一个主语从句。闭于该语法内容请见本讲前面的grammar---主谓分歧。

　　4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. (p4)

　　译：火域的总面积约莫是陆空中积的三倍年夜。

　　句子阐发：该句的中心句型是A + be + 倍数+ as + adj + as + B.

　　e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.

　　5. These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes. (p5)

　　译：那些陆地之以是主要是果为他们影响着所流经地区的四周陆天的天气，也是果为它们照顾年夜量的微死物，动物，而那些组成鱼类食物的一年夜部门。

　　句子阐发：那是一个由because指导的主从复开句，此中close to where they flow是定语，建饰the land areas;词组：large quantities of + c.n/u.n; which forms a large part of the food for fishes是定语从句建饰animal and vegetable life。此中life是指死命，不成数名词。

　　6. The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. (p8)

　　译：差别平易近族的糊口情况培养了他们战我们极其差别的糊口方法，我们该当做的是去理解他们差别的糊口情况以即可以更好了解其他地域的人们。

　　句子阐发：该句中的under which战in which又是介词+which的定语从句用法，建饰The circumstances战the way;so that指导的时目标状语从句。此中：make a diference;使…差别，发生差别;business 是责备任;

　　7. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.

　　译：此中很主要的真正在没有关于取我们差别的人们战他们必需过的那种糊口有年夜量的理解之前，我们该当制止对他们有先进为主的观点。

　　句子阐发：Above all是状语，意义是最主要的，起首;we主语;should avoid谓语;deciding what we think about people different from ourselves宾语;without first…状语。different from ourselves是定语，建饰people; having learned动名词的完成时态，暗示那个行动早于deciding发作。主要词组：above all; avoid doing; a great deal

　　8. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.

　　译：的确我们理解其别人越多，我们就越能了解他们的不雅面，凡是我们就更喜好那些人。

　　句子阐发：该句的次要构造为：the more…the more…the better意义：越…就越…;如：

　　The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes.

　　The busier I am, the happier I am.

　　Grammar 主谓分歧

　　主谓分歧是指句中的主语战谓语正在人称战数上须连结分歧。我们普通顺从三个本则：

　　1、 语法分歧的本则：是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要取其相照应。

　　2、 意义分歧的本则：指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的观点，而没有取决于外表的语法标记，次要表示为某些个人名词后可跟动词单数或复数。假如那些个人名词指团体观点时，谓语动词用单数;指详细成员时用复数。

　　3、 就近本则：是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它近来的词语，而不必思索其他的词。

　　主谓分歧的热门

　　1.由 many a 或 more than + 单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数情势。

　　Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.

　　More than one student has visited the exhibition.

　　2.“……的几分之几”战“……的百分之几” 作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于 of 后的名词。

　　Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

　　40 percent of the students in our class are girls.

　　3.“a number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数;“ the number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。

　　A number of pupils like reading picture-books.

　　The number of the students in our class is 55.

　　4.并列主语假如指的是统一人、统一物或统一观点，谓语动词用单数，那时 and 前面的名词前没有冠词。

　　The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.

　　5.成对的名词，如bread and butter涂黄油的面包，soda and water汽火，coffee and milk减牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目标，salt and water盐开火等，固然有and毗连，但仍表单一观点，作主语时，谓语用单数。

　　A knife and fork is on the table.

　　6.由 and 毗连的并列单数主语的前面别离有each, every或no建饰时，其谓语用单数情势。

　　No student and no teacher is invited to the party.

　　In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.

　　7.主语是单数，厥后跟有together with, along with (取……一讲)，as well as (战;也)，no less than (战……一样)，rather than (而没有)，和with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等惹起的短语时，谓语动词普通用单数情势。

　　He as well as his sister is a League member.

　　8.正在定语从句中主语是干系代词who, that, which,谓语动词的数应取先止词的数分歧。

　　I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.

　　9.主语是一些只要复数情势的名词，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等时，谓语用复数。但那类暗示成单的工具的名词前有a pair of建饰时，谓语用单数。

　　My trousers are being washed now.

　　There is a pair of shoes in the box.

　　10.暗示襟怀、价钱、工夫的复数名词词组作主语时普通被看做一个团体，谓语用单数情势。

　　Ten dollars is not enough.

　　Three months has passed since he left.

　　11.主语是以-ics 末端的教科名词和news, works (工场)等皆属情势复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数情势。别的means一词单复数同形应视详细状况而定。

　　Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.

　　A new means of teaching is being used in that school.

　　12.主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语普通用单数情势。

　　The United States is a developed country.

　　13.主语是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等汇合名词时，假如作为一个团体对待，谓语用单数情势，如指的是部分职员时，谓语用复数。

　　His family are all music lovers.

　　14.“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”之前有the only, the very, the等限制词战建饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数情势。

　　She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.

　　15.主语是疑问代词who, what, which,没有定代词all, more, most, any, none等和名词half, part, the rest等既可暗示复数意义又可暗示单数意义，其谓语视状况而定。

　　Half of the visitors are from Europe.

　　Half of the fruit is bad.

　　16.主语是暗示数目的“one and a half +复数名词”，其谓语用单数情势。主语是“one or two + 复数名词”，其谓语用复数情势。

　　One and a half bananas is left on the table.

　　There are one or two things I‘d like to know about.

　　17.the +描述词或分词作主语时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指笼统观点，其谓语用单数。如：

　　The rich are not always happy.

　　The new is sure to replace the old.

　　18.由not only … but also, neither…nor, either…or, not …but和or毗连的并列主语，谓语动词要取最接近它的主语正在数上连结分歧。

　　Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.

　　19.正在倒拆句中和正在There be …构造中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词常常战厥后面的第一个主语获得数上的分歧。

　　Where is your mother and younger sister?

　　There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk.

　　20.动名词或动词没有定式作主语，其谓语用单数情势。

　　When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet

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